GRAMMAR
　　“情态动词+ have done”用法总结
　　【语境展示】阅读下面句子，并试着归纳“情态动词+ have done”的用法。
　　1. Jack didn’t come on time. He may / might have missed the bus.
　　2. Since nobody gave him any help, he must have done the research on his own.
　　3. —Sorry, Mum! I failed the job interview again.
　　—Oh, it’s too bad. You should have made better preparations. Instead you spent all your time playing computer games.
　　4. I shouldn’t have watched that movie — it’ll give me horrible dreams.
　　5. I needn’t have worried before I came to the new school, for my classmates here are friendly to
　　me.
　　6. He could have escaped, but he chose to stand and fight.
　　7. —Why are your eyes so red? You can’t / couldn’t have slept well last night.
　　—Yeah, I stayed up late writing a report.
　　【自我归纳】
　　构成 意义 例句
　　________ 表示对已经发生过的情况的肯定推测，意为“可能发生了某事”，语气稍弱。 1
　　must have done 表示对过去已经发生过的情况的肯定推测，意为“一定做过某事”，语气较强。 2
　　should have done 表示“本应该做某事，而实际上并没有做”。 3
　　shouldn’t have done 表示“本不应该做某事，而实际上却做了”，含有批评、责备或惋惜的意思。 4
　　needn’t have done 表示“本不必做某事, 而实际上却做了”。 5
　　could have done 表示“过去本来能够做某事而实际上没有做”。 6
　　can’t / couldn’t have done 表示“过去不可能做了某事”。 7
　　【即学即练】
　　I. 选用括号内合适的内容完成下面对话。
　　A husband (H) and wife (W) are driving to a party and are lost.
　　W: We’re lost. And we don’t even have a map. You 1. ________ (should take / should have taken) a map.
　　H: I didn’t think we were going to need one. I 2. ________ (must have made / should have made) a wrong turn.
　　W: Do we need to stop and ask for directions?
　　H: No, we don’t have to. We 3. ________ (can use / could have used) the cell phone and call the Allens and ask them how to get to their house.
　　W: OK.
　　H: Let’s see. I thought I had the cell phone in my pocket. I can’t find it. I 4. ________ (might leave / might have left) it at home.
　　W: No, you didn’t leave it at home. I’ve got it here in my purse. Oh, no. It is out of power. We have to look for a pay phone. Do you have any change?
　　H: I just have dollar bills.
　　W: You 5. ________ (should have tast have taken) some change with you.
　　H: Oh, I’m really sorry.
　　SENTENCE EXPLANATIONS
　　请和你的同学一起认真分析下面句子，并补全所缺内容。这种学习方式能逐步提高你理解长难句的能力。
　　1. The director of a local tourist office, Meng Fanying, said the monster, which seemed to be black in colour, was ten metres from the edge of the laring the most recent sighting.
　　(P52)
　　【分析】
　　①这是一个主从复合句。
　　②主句的主语是The director of a local tourist office，后面的Meng Fanying作主语的同位语，谓语是________。
　　③the monster ... sighting部分是省略了引导词that的宾语从句，其主干为“主语（the monster）+系动词（was）+表语（ten metres from the edge of the lake）”。其中which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词________。
　　【句意】当地的旅游办公室主任孟凡迎说， 最近有人看见怪物就在离湖边十米的地方，怪物的颜色似乎是黑色的。
　　【仿写】约翰说那个决定当时看似很愚蠢，最终却使得他成为了著名的演说家。
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　　2. Although no one really got a clear look at the mysterious creature, Xue Junlin, a local photographer, claimed that its head looked like a horse.                        (P52)
　　【分析】
　　①本句是一个主从复合句。
　　②Xue Junlin, ... like a horse是主句，其中that引导宾语从句，作claimed的宾语；a local photographer是Xue Junlin的同位语。
　　③Although引导让步状语从句。
　　【句意】尽管谁也没有真正看清楚过这个神秘的怪物，但当地一位摄影师薛俊林声称：怪物的头看起来像马。
　　【仿写】尽管没有人支持这个计划，但是公司的经理汤姆声称：这个计划是完美的。
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　　3. Mr Li Xiaohe said that he and his family were able to see the monster clearly because the weather was fine and the lake was calm.                                       (P52)
　　【分析】
　　①本句是一个主从复合句。
　　②that引导宾语从句，作________的宾语。其中又含有一个由because引导的原因状语从句，状语从句中包含两个并列分句：the weather was fine和the lake was calm。
　　【句意】李小和先生说他和家人看清楚了怪物，因为当时天气好，湖水平静。
　　【仿写】简说她没有通过这次考试是因为这次考试很难，她没有准备好。
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　　参考答案
　　1.【分析】said；monster
　　【仿写】John said the decision, which seemed to be foolish at the time, eventually made him become a famous speaker.
　　2. 【仿写】Although no one supported the plan, Tom, the manager of the WORDS & EXPRESSIONS
　　attack
　　【归纳】attack既可作动词，也可作名词。
　　☆作动词时，意为：①袭击，攻击（常用搭配：attack sb. with sth.）；②抨击，非难；③侵袭，损害；④奋力处理，全力对付。如：
　　He was attacked and seriously injured by a group of youths.
　　He needed to be sent into hospital after being attacked with a broken bottle.
　　A newspaper article attacked the famous singer.
　　A disease is attacking his brain and he is in pain.
　　We have to attack these problems now and find some solutions.
　　☆作名词时，意为：①袭击，攻击（常用搭配：make / begin an attack on…；be / come under attack）；②（口头和书面的）抨击，非难（常与介词on连用）；③抑制，打击，处理（常与介词on连用）；④（尤指常发疾病的）发作，侵袭。如：
　　Enemy forces have made / began an attack on the city.
　　Once again we were / came under attack from enemy fighter planes.
　　The magazine recently published a violent personal attack on the novelist.
　　The organization decided to carry out an attack on smoking.
　　Her grandfather died of a heart attack.
　　【即学即练】根据汉语意思补全下面句子（每空一词）。
　　1. 飞机开始攻击这座城市。
　　The planes began their ________ ________ the city.
　　2. 昨天晚上一位女士遭到三个年轻男人袭击。
　　A woman ________ ________ by three young men last night.
　　3. 病患已经侵袭了他的大脑。
　　The disease ________ ________ his brain.
　　参考答案
　　attack
　　【即学即练】
　　1. attacks on     2. was attacked     3. has attacked
　　adapt
　　【语境展示】阅读下面句子，并试着归纳adapt的意思及用法。
　　1. The classroom has been specially adapted to take wheelchairs.
　　2. We suggested Tom should adapt (himself) to the new situation.
　　3. The movie was adapted from the novel of a famous Russian writer.
　　4. Three of her novels have been adapted for television.
　　【自我归纳】作动词，意为：①使适应，使适合（新用途，新情况）（句1）；②（使）适应（新情况），常用搭配为adapt (oneself) to sth.（句2）；③改编，改写，常用搭配：be adapted from意为“________”（句3）；be adapted for意为“________”（句4）。
　　【即学即练】翻译下面句子。
　　1. 露西努力使自己适应这里温暖湿润的气候。
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　　2. 汤姆移居加拿大后，很适应变化。
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　　3. 你喜欢看根据琼瑶小说改编的电影吗？