约3050字。

　　译林牛津英语•模块六
　　Unit 3 Amazing people
　　Past perfect tense（过去完成时态）
　　过去完成时态是由“had (not) +过去分词”构成。
　　过去完成时态的基本用法：
　　1、过去完成时态表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去”。这个过去的时刻常和by, before, when, until等引导的时间状语连用，也可以通过上下文语境来表示。
　　By the 1990s the number of Tibetan antelopes had fallen to about 50,000.截止到20世纪90年代，藏羚羊的数量下降到了大约5万只。
　　Johnson went to the box office at lunch time, but all the tickets had sold out. 约翰逊在午饭时去售票处，但是票已售完。
　　【警示误区1】过去完成时态不能孤立地用于一个句子中，只有和过去某个时间或某个动作相比较才能用到该时态。
　　—Did Alan enjoy seeing his old friends yesterday? —昨天艾伦和老朋友玩得高兴吗？
　　—Yes, he did. He hadn’t seen his old friends for a long time. —是的，很高兴。他已经好久没有见到他的老朋友了。
　　2、过去完成时态还可以表示过去某一时间的动作或状态持续到过去另一时间，还可能持续下去，这时常与for, since, before, after, by then, by that time, by the end of…, by the time+过去时态的句子等引导的时间状语(从句)连用。
　　It rained at last the day before yesterday after it had been dry for several months. 在干旱了几个月之后，前天终于下雨了。
　　Einstein had taught himself advanced mathematics by the time he was 14. 到14岁时，爱因斯坦已经自学了高等数学。
　　3、表示愿望、打算的动词（如attempt, expect, hope, plan, wish, mean, intend, thinppose, wish等）的过去完成时态表示过去未能实现的愿望、计划或打算。
　　I had intended to come to the party, but I was busy. 我原本打算来参加晚会的，可是我太忙了。
　　Like every school boy I had thought that going into space as an astronaut must be the best job in the world.像所有的男生一样，我原以为成为宇航员进入太空肯定是世界上最棒的工作。
　　4、在hardly/scarcely/barely…when…, no sooner …than…句式中，主句常用过去完成时态，表示“一……就……”。当hardly, scarcely, no sooner等位于句首时，主句常用部分倒装。
　　I had hardly answered the teacher when he interrupted me. 我还没来得及回答老师的问题，他就打断了我的话。
　　Hardly had our monitor gained a qualification for an Olympic torch carrier when the reporters came to interview him. 我们班长刚获得奥运火炬选手的资格，媒体记者就来采访他了。
　　No sooner had we left the dormitory the next morning than we forgot our map in the room. 第二天早晨我们刚离开宿舍，这时想起把地图忘在房间里了。
　　5、在 “This/It was the first (second, third…) time that ….”的句型中，that从句要用过去完成时态。
　　It was the second time that she had been in Nanking. 这是她第二次来南京。
　　This was the first time that I had gone abroad. 这时我第一次出国。
　　【警示误区2】在含有由before, after等连词引导的时间状语从句的复合句中，由于连词本身可以明确表示动作发生的先后顺序，因此，主语和从句都可以用一般过去时态，而不用过去完成时态。
　　She and her family hid away for nearly twenty-five months before they were discovered. 她和她的家人躲藏了大约25个月之后才被发现。
　　He went home after he finished his work. 他完成工作后就回家了。
　　【警示误区3】在含有由when, as soon as等连词引导的时间状语从句的复合句中，从句谓语动词的动作发生后，主句谓语动词的动作紧接着发生，这时主句、从句的谓语动词均可用一般过去时态。
　　When he heard these words, Jim panicked and ran to the raft. 听到这些话后，吉姆恐惧万分，向木筏跑去。
　　He jumped out of bed as soon as he was called. 一听到有人叫他，他立即跳下床来。
　　【巩固训练】
　　1. After Jack had sent some e-mails, he _______ working on his project.
　　A. had started B. has started C. started D. starts
　　2. Peter had intended to take a job in business, but _______ that plan after the unpleasant
　　Experience in Canada in 2010.
　　A. had abandoned   B. abandoned C. abandon D. will abandon
　　3. The manager is said to have arrived back from Paris where he_______ some European partner